Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25677
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dc.contributor.authorMcConnachie, Alexen_UK
dc.contributor.authorHaig, Carolineen_UK
dc.contributor.authorSinclair, Lesleyen_UK
dc.contributor.authorBauld, Lindaen_UK
dc.contributor.authorTappin, Daviden_UK
dc.date.accessioned2017-09-08T00:04:48Z-
dc.date.available2017-09-08T00:04:48Z-
dc.date.issued2017-07-20en_UK
dc.identifier.other337en_UK
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1893/25677-
dc.description.abstractBackground  The Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), which offered financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement in cessation. However, infant birth weight was not seen to be affected. This study re-examines birth weight using an intuitive and a complier average causal effects (CACE) method to uncover important information missed by intention-to-treat analysis.  Methods  CPIT offered financial incentives up to £400 to pregnant smokers to quit. With incentives, 68 women (23.1%) were confirmed non-smokers at primary outcome, compared to 25 (8.7%) without incentives, a difference of 14.3% (Fisher test,p < 0.0001). For this analysis, randomised groups were split into three theoretical sub-groups: independent quitters - quit without incentives, hardened smokers - could not quit even with incentives and potential quitters - required the addition of financial incentives to quit. Viewed in this way, the overall birth weight gain with incentives is attributable only to potential quitters. We compared an intuitive approach to a CACE analysis.  Results  Mean birth weight of potential quitters in the incentives intervention group (who therefore quit) was 3338g compared with potential quitters in the control group (who did not quit) 3193g. The difference attributable to incentives, was 3338 – 3193 = 145g (95% CI −617, +803). The mean difference in birth weight between the intervention and control groups was 21g, and the difference in the proportion who managed to quit was 14.3%. Since the intervention consisted of the offer of incentives to quit smoking, the intervention was received by all women in the intervention group. However, “compliance” was successfully quitting with incentives, and the CACE analysis yielded an identical result, causal birth weight increase 21g ÷ 0.143 = 145g.  Conclusions  Policy makers have great difficulty giving pregnant women money to stop smoking. This study indicates that a small clinically insignificant improvement in average birth weight is likely to hide an important clinically significant increase in infants born to pregnant smokers who want to stop but cannot achieve smoking cessation without the addition of financial voucher incentives.en_UK
dc.language.isoenen_UK
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen_UK
dc.relationMcConnachie A, Haig C, Sinclair L, Bauld L & Tappin D (2017) Birth weight differences between those offered financial voucher incentives for verified smoking cessation and control participants enrolled in the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), employing an intuitive approach and a Complier Average Causal Effects (CACE) analysis. Trials, 18 (1), Art. No.: 337. http://rdcu.be/ulIS; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2053-xen_UK
dc.rights© The Author(s). 2017 This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.en_UK
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_UK
dc.subjectTreatment effectivenessen_UK
dc.subjectBirth weighten_UK
dc.subjectSmoking cessationen_UK
dc.subjectPregnancyen_UK
dc.titleBirth weight differences between those offered financial voucher incentives for verified smoking cessation and control participants enrolled in the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT), employing an intuitive approach and a Complier Average Causal Effects (CACE) analysisen_UK
dc.typeJournal Articleen_UK
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s13063-017-2053-xen_UK
dc.identifier.pmid28728583en_UK
dc.citation.jtitleTrialsen_UK
dc.citation.issn1745-6215en_UK
dc.citation.volume18en_UK
dc.citation.issue1en_UK
dc.citation.publicationstatusPublisheden_UK
dc.citation.peerreviewedRefereeden_UK
dc.type.statusVoR - Version of Recorden_UK
dc.identifier.urlhttp://rdcu.be/ulISen_UK
dc.citation.date20/07/2017en_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Glasgowen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Glasgowen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute for Social Marketingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationInstitute for Social Marketingen_UK
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Glasgowen_UK
dc.identifier.isiWOS:000406672000002en_UK
dc.identifier.scopusid2-s2.0-85025105031en_UK
dc.identifier.wtid553954en_UK
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0002-2210-8181en_UK
dc.date.accepted2017-06-19en_UK
dcterms.dateAccepted2017-06-19en_UK
dc.date.filedepositdate2017-08-03en_UK
rioxxterms.apcpaiden_UK
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_UK
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_UK
local.rioxx.authorMcConnachie, Alex|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorHaig, Caroline|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorSinclair, Lesley|0000-0002-2210-8181en_UK
local.rioxx.authorBauld, Linda|en_UK
local.rioxx.authorTappin, David|en_UK
local.rioxx.projectInternal Project|University of Stirling|https://isni.org/isni/0000000122484331en_UK
local.rioxx.freetoreaddate2017-08-03en_UK
local.rioxx.licencehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/|2017-08-03|en_UK
local.rioxx.filenameMcConnachie_etal_Trials_2017.pdfen_UK
local.rioxx.filecount1en_UK
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